Valine - An Essential Amino Acid

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Valine is one of twenty commonly found amino acids found in nature.  Valine is a hydrophobic, nonpolar protein that is found in the interior of most proteins in muscles. The structure of valine includes three branched chain of methyl groups at one end. there are only tow other branched chain amino acids which are isoleucine and leucine. Valine is very important for muscle metabolism and the repair/growth of tissue. For muscle growth valine promotes protein production. It also helps with the balance of nitrogen in the body. Because of the branched chain it can be used as an energy source in muscles instead of glucose. It goes about this by suppressing protein catabolism and begins the process of gluconeogenesis. The branched chained amino acids can be an important fuel source for skeletal muscles when they are in periods of metabolic stress.

A German scientist by the name of Emil Fischer discovered Valine in the year 1901. She found out that Valine is an essential vitamin that can not be made by the body. Therefore, Valine must be ingested from one of the number of sources including dairy, meat, mushrooms and some peanuts. In the latest studies Valine has been proven to help people who are having muscle, mental, and emotional upsets. Also people with insomnia and nervousness have been given Valine doses. Another way that valine helps is in the synthesis of glucose in the liver during anaerobic activities. Valine is often purchased and used in biochemical, biophysical and crystallographic research.

A deficiency in valine results in a negative hydrogen balance in the body, deterioration of muscle function and mental health. Sometimes a deficiency can lead to maple syrup urine disease. This disease can ultimately cause damage to the brain during times of physical stress and mental retardation. This disease is most dangerous in young children, but has also been found in kids still in their childhood. As a person gets older the intensity of the disease becomes less. A regulated diet can help to accommodate those with this disease.

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Technical Writing

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In the recent times Technical Writing has become very important in the fields of computer hardware and software, chemistry, the aerospace industry, robotics, finance, consumer electronics, and biotechnology. It is the method by which technical information on any topic is exchanged from one person to another. Hence, it is also known as technical communication. It is not necessary that this technical information be conveyed only to people related to the technical field. Therefore, technical writers should always keep in mind that their write-ups must be comprehensible to the people with non-technical backgrounds. Hence, technical writing must use explanatory yet simple language.

Therefore, technical writers should always keep in mind that their write-ups must be comprehensible to the people with non-technical backgrounds. Hence, technical writing must use explanatory yet simple language. It was not until 1953 that two companies were actually formed that took forward the practice of technical writing and improved on it. These companies were: the Society of Technical Writers, and the Association of Technical Writers and Editors. Finally, it was in 1957 that these two organizations decided to merge and thus, the Society of Technical Writers and Editors was formed. This organization is currently known as the Society for Technical Communication (STC).

Now let's take a short historical tour to discover the origin of technical writing. Technical writing originated during the Renaissance period, mainly in Ancient Greece. But it became popular during the First World War when there was a huge demand for technology in the field of warfare. It was during this time that technology based weapons were being built. It was during this time that many other electronics were also manufactured and many air crafts were also being developed. In the recent times Technical Writing has become very important in the fields of computer hardware and software, chemistry, the aerospace industry, robotics, finance, consumer electronics, and biotechnology. It is the method by which technical information on any topic is exchanged from one person to another. Hence, it is also known as technical communication. It is not necessary that this technical information be conveyed only to people related to the technical field.

This is a medium through which particular information is conveyed to a target audience for some pre-conceived purpose. Technical writing is a mode of communication, a kind of intermediate between the manufactures and the audience. It translates complex technical language into instructions that are delivered in simple language so that they may be helpful to the consumers and may enable them to perform their tasks properly. It is very important to understand the goals and the mind set of target audience so that they can convey their messages easily

The teams or departments that deal with technical writing are often referred to as Information Development, User Assistance, Technical Documentation. As for the technical writers, they are referred to as API Writers, information developers, documentation specialists, documentation engineers, or technical content developers. Advanced technical writers, who have gathered experience through experience shift to for specialized fields such as API writing, information architecture or documentation management.

Technical writing is basically a type of communication. It helps explain the working and operation of the product to the consumer. Free technical articles can be found in various article directories.

Paddlewheels and Their Role in Algae Fuels

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Open ponds, typically raceway ponds in which algae are grown, require some form of mixing to maintain cells in suspension, to prevent thermal stratification, and to disperse nutrients. Hence, for a proper mixing of the ponds, paddle wheels are used.

Paddlewheels (PW) consist of simple, partial depth blades and high-speed rotors. With paddlewheels providing the flow, algae are kept suspended in the water, and are circulated back to the surface on a regular frequency. A PW consists of three structural units: paddle blades, motor and gear box. A paddle blade is made of aluminium, stainless steel or fiber glass, based on the requirements.

However, these PWs do present some challenges. They are large relative to other types of mixers, especially at higher heads. Another major drawback is that these PWs are very expensive unless a low-shear pump is used.

Though PW s have a few issues, there are a few reasons why PW has emerged as a preferred method for mixing algae in oxidation/ high- rate ponds. First of all, they are well matched to the pumping requirements of high-rate ponds in that they are high-volume and low-head devices. Moreover, they are mechanically simple, requiring minimum maintenance and their drive train can easily be designed to accommodate a wide range of speeds without drastic changes in efficiency.

Info

A paddle wheel consists of three structural units: paddle blades, motor and gear box. A paddle blade is made of aluminium, stainless steel or fiber glass, based on the requirements.

Fiber glass paddle wheels are preferred for algae cultivation in salt water ponds. The width and depth of the paddle wheel and the speed of the paddles going around are customized based on the pond specifications.

http://www.oilgae.com

How Do Plants Grow - The Biology of Plant Life

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Plants are amazing, especially when you wonder how do plants grow. There are over 350,000 species of plants, above ground and underwater plants. Each one has to survive some harsh conditions to grow, and you can see the tenacity of plants to grow when you see them perched on the side of canyon walls, or pushing their way up through old pavement. Their will to survive and propagate is intense!

Plants include flowers, trees, shrubs, bushes, grass, moss, vines, herbs, seaweed, and green algae. These have much in common. They depend on Nature for survival, and the contents of other living and natural things. They need sunlight (except deep sea plants), water, air, bees and insects, soil, animals, and fire for life. Some pine trees only release their seeds after a big fire; they need the heat to open the cones and seeds.

Some underwater plants get their nutrients from water, surviving without sunlight. In hydroponic growing, plants are grown in just water instead of soil, and you can see the root growth. The water must have the nutrients needed, or the addition of plant food for the plant to thrive.

To answer the question of how do plants grow, you must look at propagation. Some plants have both male and female parts, others do not, but they all depend on wind, air, animals, bees and insects to help with pollination and fertilization. Others will send out runners and tubers, or create corms, bulbs, suckers, and adventitious buds to propagate new plants through the soil to new locations. Humans help with splicing for cross breeding and new growth on old plants.

Plants that have seeds create little packages (seeds) that contain a food store and a baby plant embryo, similar to a fertilized egg, and there is a protective seed coat over the seed. When fertilized through pollination, the seed forms after a flower dies. The flower contains male and/or female parts that create an ovum ready for fertilization. This becomes the seed or fruit containing seeds.

The seed drops to the ground and begins to soften with moisture until the seed coat opens enough for germination to break through with a tap root, root hairs, and the plant top begins to grow towards light and warmth. This is the seedling plant. The roots grow down to find more moisture and the top of the plant grows up to find food and energy.

Plant food comes from the water and soil. Plants take in food and energy through photosynthesis from sunlight, and respiration through their leaves (osmosis). They take in carbon dioxide from the air in the daylight and release oxygen during the night. It is important for plants to obtain the right minerals from soil. Fortunately, Mother Nature works just perfectly in most cases and plants thrive.

When you look at all it takes for Nature to be in perfect balance and answer the question of how do plants grow, it is an amazing thought, and a miraculous process.

Wendy Pan is an accomplished niche website developer and author.

To learn more about how do plants grow [http://classygardens.info/how-do-plants-grow-the-biology-of-plant-life/], please visit Classy Gardens [http://classygardens.info/] for current articles and discussions.

The Truth Behind Stem Cell Research - The Right To Recover

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Yvonne Perry is a fellow writer and friend and after having read her book I am forwarding this information to all that I know in the hopes that they read and understand that we here in the United States are being misled as to what researchers want to use for stem cells that are not human embryos as has been misstated over and over by groups that do not want to educate themselves.

I have diabetes, without this research I will die prematurely no matter what steps I can take now. My mother died at age 67, my brothers have it and millions of others in this country need a cure, NOW! Yvonne explains that the clump of cells called blastocysts are not living human entities. If you have family, friends, or loved ones that have life threatening diseases you need to read how close we are to curing these problems if our government would stop being pressured by special interest groups that have it all wrong. There is a forward by Rev. Dan Bloodworth a strong supporter of Yvonne's, with a Biblical Perspective on stem cell research.
Anything you can or are willing to do to help people understand the importance of federal funding for all types of stem cell research is much appreciated--especially by those who currently suffer with an illness or condition that might be helped by the derived technology and treatments.

I have read Yvonne's book "Right to Recover" and the following is my comment on this courageous work.

Yvonne Perry has taken a courageous stand by tackling and dissecting these issues without prejudicial preconceived emotion. The biggest obstacle to this research is the inclusion of religious aspects in the determination that a blastocyst or a pile of benign cells constitutes human life, a grave error of thought. After all, is there a ceremony or last rites given to these cells? They are not inside a woman's uterus, they have not been given DNA to substantiate they are human and can take the form of whatever host they are merged into. I am a diabetic. I will die along with millions of others prematurely. With one injection of stem cells, in the near future my pancreas could grow back and I would be able to stop shooting insulin and going into insulin shock wearing my organs down and live a normal life. All I need is the ability of these dedicated researchers to be allowed to use funding to further the research to make it all happen for millions of us. Read the book before you go off about the "point that life begins" and begin to understand how much damage is being done because of a lack of understanding of that very question.

Nick Oliva (O-lee-va’) has been a musician, composer, photographer, an audio engineer, an Entertainment Director and Technical Director for over twenty-five years and is a successful self-made money manager. Website: View my blog and buy my latest book at http://www.onlymomentsbook.com

Why Students Should Learn About the Human Anatomy & Study Physiology

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Actually the title is a little deceiving here, and should actually read why should ANYONE purchase the human anatomy course? What is my reason for rephrasing the question? Simple. There isn't anyone that would not benefit immensely from this human anatomy course.

Lets deal with the advantages to the students first. First it would be appropriate to categorize what students we are referring to. Don't quickly look at the word student, and think well I'm not a medical student ,nor plan to be, so this isn't for me. If you are a student in any type of program think carefully, does in have anything to do with health. If you are a student in a technical trade then you won't have use for the human anatomy course as a student, but that's not to say it doesn't have some value for you too, but we'll talk about that later on. I am going to start with the students from high school to university.

If you are taking any of health care courses ,or any courses that you will be dealing in the care of other human beings, then you need this Human Anatomy Course. It would give you the perfect opportunity ,to study it along with your school studies. For example if you are studying the muscular system as part of a health course, then with the Human Anatomy Course you would have complete reference material ,and a unique way of learning the system as well. Couple that with your school material, and you can't help but get excellent grades.

Individuals that are being trained as counselors can only benefit greatly from this course. Now that sounds strange doesn't it. How could a drug and abuse counselor utilize this course in his profession. By understanding what the body is all about, and how it reacts to stimulants, can only enhance your objective views about your clients. You will have a better understanding of the effects of withdrawals and cravings and mental stability, because you will know how the body works.

For medical secretaries this Human Anatomy Course is a goldmine. Once you have completed, it you are sure to be one of the most knowledgeable in your field. Medical reports are much easier to complete when you have a full understanding of what the terminology is referring to. Yes you can learn this in a medical secretaries course, but there's a good chance your won't retain near as much information, as you will during this course. That's because of the unique way it is designed and laid out.

This Human Anatomy Course is also invaluable for even the medical graduates whether they be a doctor or nurse. It is always a good idea to give yourself a refresher course, when in this profession,as its keeps you sharp and alert to your responsibilities. Rather than have to dig out all your medical books, and start flipping through them, wouldn't it be much easier to just slip in the CD and have it all there in front of you.

With many medical training programs, it seems like pharmacology sort of gets left behind although it is a requirement. With this course you receive training in this field as well, by way of a bonus.

If you yourself are absolutely sure you have no need for this amazing course, then you may want to think of it as a gift for anyone in your family that may be even remotely involved with the human anatomy.

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James Ross is the founder of HumanAnatomyCourse.com - http://www.HumanAnatomyCourse.com

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Usually only sold to medical professionals, this course contains hundreds of medical topics covering every region & system in the body.

It is the complete home study course with key Facts, revision tests and quiz at the end of each lesson. It can't get any easier than this!

Gamsat Preparation Suggested Books - Biology

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We have already suggested a few books that would help you prepare for the chemistry part of Section III. We have also told you why it is important to have textbooks and use them liberally. Now, in our next episode we will tell you the importance of having a Biology guide with you for your GAMSAT preps.

There has been speculations about how important Biology is in GAMSAT. I mean GAMSAT questions are reasoning based, isn't it? All the information is given right there, so why do we at all study biology?
First: Good question.

Second: Let's answer this with an example. Say you've been asked a set of questions about the heart rate and pulse rate. All data is given right there. You need to understand and analyse the data and choose the right option. Sounds easy enough.

But you get only about 90 seconds to answer one question (110 questions in 170 minutes... you do the math!). Would you get enough time to remember what are the things you should have in mind to understand what the question actually requires? Probably not!

That is why we say, Non-science aspirants have a better chance to get an interview call since they don't take this for granted. They study from scratch. So, a word of advice for science aspirants: Study like how non-science students would study.

Now that I have made my point clear of why we should get a Biology textbook, let's proceed with what could be looked at from the heaps of books lying in the bookshop. Here, we are trying to help you choose the right needle from the haystack.

Biology

Biology by Campbell et al. is the book where you will get the basic knowledge. Try getting the latest edition of the book as science is always evolving. Now you know what Nobel Laureates are doing? Increasing the pages of the book of course!!

Other books that you can have a look at are Knox et al. Biology: An Australian Focus and Biological Science by Scott Freeman. The later though has too much information. If you know how to get info you need, from huge books, then pick it up, or else, let them stay at the shelf!

Till now, all we've talked about is general biology. The thrust topics in GAMSAT in this subject is in physiology and biochemistry. Here are some books that would help you with those specific topics.

First things first... don't be scared seeing "physiology" in the last paragraph. Surely you will be studying all about physiology in the 4 years you spend in the medical school. But before that you will need to know a little of this topic before the med-school can put in more into your frontal lobe.

To study that "little' of physiology, we will recommend you to get hold of the most basic and simple Schaum's Outlines Anatomy & Physiology. It will give you a concise information with better explanations than many other books. And in our opinion this will be all that you will need for Physiology in Biology for GAMSAT.

Coming to biochemistry... There are 2 books which you can take a look at. Before I tell you the names, a word... Library. Remember the following books when you visit that.

1. Lehninger's principles of biochemistry - BRILLIANT book (from personal experience). It's huge, but you will know more just browsing around the book.
2. Biochemistry by Garrett & Grisham - I've heard it's a fantastic book.

That's all for Biology from my desk here.

With over 8 years of experience in teaching and training, I have done extensive work in designing assessment tests and creating test content for a great variety of competitive exams. I am helping GAMSAT aspirants to succeed in GAMSAT. Candidates who are willing to pursue a career in medicine in Australia, U.K. and Ireland have to clear GAMSAT in order to get into graduate entry level programmes. I have created my website prepgenie.com keeping in mind the specific needs of a GAMSAT aspirant and the original GAMSAT standard. In the website you will find sample test papers of all the topics that are covered in GAMSAT.