REACH Regulations and Its Impact on Indian Pharmaceutical Market

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European Union has opted for the acceptance of REACH regulations on 1st June, 2007. REACH stands for Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemical. The regulation is adopted for streamlining and improving the former legislative framework on chemicals of the European Union. The regulations has put the Burden of Proof" on the industry to manage the risks that chemicals may pose to the health and the environment. REACH regulations covers not only industrial chemicals but also chemicals, which are used in our day-to-day life (e.g. paints, dyes used for clothing, etc.)

Objectives of implementing REACH regulations are:

* Improve the protection of human health and the environment from the risks that can be posed by chemicals
* Enhance the competitiveness of the EU chemicals industry, a key sector for the economy of the EU
* Promote alternative methods for the assessment of hazards of substances
* Ensure the free circulation of substances on the internal market of the European Union.

All the exporters and importers of chemicals will identify and manage the risks and hazards associated with the chemicals that they manufacture and market. REACH requires manufacturers and importers of chemicals to produce data on all chemical substances that are produced or imported into the EU in volumes above one ton a year. Appropriate risk management measures must also be identified and users informed of them.

REACH regulations are imposed on manufacturers or importers of chemicals of more than 1 metric ton per annum per company. For companies who are manufacturing and exporting more than 1 metric ton of a chemical to Europe will need to register the chemical by submitting the dossier and proving that the chemical is safe to use. Potential registrants (i.e. manufacturers and importers of chemicals) must 'pre-register' these substances by December 1, 2008. Those that are not pre-registered by that date will have to undergo a full registration process in December, or be withdrawn from sale. Supply of substances to the European market, which have not been registered, would be considered as illegal.

REACH regulations are managed by European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), which will operate from Helsinki, Finland.

Although, REACH regulations cover all chemicals, exemptions are provided for medicinal products. Hence, all active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and their finished dosage forms are exempted from the cover of REACH regulations.

There are many companies in India, which manufacture and exports intermediates for APIs to clients in European countries. Indian companies consider intermediates for APIs as a huge market. As intermediates for APIs are not classified as medicinal products, hence are not exempted under REACH regulations. Intermediates for APIs need to be pre-registered before the deadline of 30th Nov, 2008 and then processed for its registration procedure.

Intermediates for the APIs can be classified again under 2 main categories under REACH:

* Non-isolated intermediates
* Isolated intermediates
* On-site (non transported) isolated intermediates
* Transported isolated intermediates

A non-isolated intermediate is an intermediate that during synthesis is not intentionally removed (except for sampling) from the equipment in which the synthesis takes place.

On-site isolated intermediate means an intermediate not meeting the criteria of a non-isolated intermediate and where the manufacture of the intermediate and the synthesis of another substance from that intermediate take place on the same site, operated by one or more legal entities.

A transported isolated intermediate is an intermediate not meeting the criteria of a non-isolated intermediate and transported between or supplied to other sites.

Under REACH regulations, non-isolated intermediates are exempted from review process as non-isolated intermediates remain in the reaction process and are not isolated.

Most of Indian pharmaceutical companies exporting intermediates for APIs would fall under the perview of the "Isolated intermediates" category for which the companies will need to undergo review procedure under REACH regulations.

Relief under Strictly controlled conditions:

For both on-site and transported isolated intermediates, there is possibility to provide a reduced set of information for their registration under the following conditions:

* For on-site isolated intermediates, the manufacturer confirms that the substance is only manufactured and used under strictly controlled conditions in that it is rigorously contained by technical means during its whole life cycle.
* For transported isolated intermediates, the manufacturer or importer confirms himself or states that he has received confirmation from the user that the synthesis of another substance from that intermediate takes place on other sites under strictly controlled conditions.

Adding to the above-mentioned brief overview of REACH regulations, all the steps of registration under REACH regulations are expensive as all the products (other than exempted products) need to be registered individually.

In conclusion, impact of REACH regulations in India's Pharmaceutical sector would

* potentially disrupt the supply of intermediates for APIs
* push up drug prices.

Biotechnological Plants and Their Application Fields

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Biotechnology has made remarkable developments in its various application fields. Its power to produce high quality food crops through the techniques such as hybridization and artificial breeding has brought significant contributions to the global market. By using plant biotechnology and genetic engineering methods, it has provided ultimate drug facilities to the pharmaceutical world and life science industries.

There has been a growing concern on handling the current issues related to the breeding of both pharma plants for medicinal purpose and food crops for agricultural purpose. Several research facilities are emerging out as a part of the monitoring objectives of genetically modified processes. New traits are focused to create improved quality plant materials and to reduce the risks of radiation effects of potential botanical resources used for drug production on food crops.

Effective reproduction and regeneration of pharma plants requires certain experiments to be followed. This inspection basically deals with the modification of plant genome. Various biomarkers such as isozymes and DNA are used to provide spatial distribution of pharma plants. Special efforts are made on transgene expression and to gain adequate knowledge on the ways to reduce tests variance, which resulted out when gene expression is employed on newly inserted gene in transgenic plants.

Biotechnology involves three broad steps in dealing with plant pathology. The plant cell-tissue culture, monoclonal antibodies production and manipulation of nucleic acids form these major stages of pathological solutions. Various techniques have been developed over several years to assist plant cell-tissue culture. Physiological and biochemical manipulations are also carried out to construct plant pathology. Various monoclonal antibodies from plants are more specific and sensitive as compared to polyclonal antibodies. They are effective in disease diagnosis, in identifying pathogens, and in exploring the physiology of host-parasite relations.

Past few years have witnessed the increasing concern of global trends to provide protection to plants. The seed industries and major agricultural sectors which implements biotechnological tools have also presented effective plant protection solutions.

For more information on Pharmaceutical engineering and the benefits of Biotechnological plants please visit the mentioned website

Is Biotechnology a Good Career Option?

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There are lot of changes in the thinking of students now a days, not like 10 year before just choose the subject of interest there parents suggest or just follow the route of his brother or sister. Now they think what they need, where they fit, which field is stable. There is golden period for computer and information technology but there is always dark side of it ups and down in this filed, maximum impact of recession, in one word unstable filed.

Here I am going discuss about the quit old but always stable, growing field BIOTECHNOLOGY or Life science. I remember a funny statement made by my professor "Until there is diseases in the world we have job" no government or institution deny fund to a cancer institute to stop there research toward a cancer cure but in turn they will stop production or dismiss 1000 worker from a car company during economic crisis like what happened now. Even you agree with this compromise is in it. There are many disciplines in this field ranging from Biological Scientists, Biomedical Engineers, Clinical Laboratory Technologists, Forensic Scientists, Medical Scientists, Pharmacists and more. And there lot opportunities all over the world and every country spend lot of there annual budget for and creating institutes research centers across there country. Next question arise in your mind is how much I get, is it comparable to other fields, Yes off course the pay is almost equal to other top professionals.

All the above you get a unique feeling when you doing science you never feel you doing a job, every day you have different task, different problem to solve it is like playing a treasure hunt game in other word it is like mediation. I don't think you will never feel such satisfied in any other job. I feel very proud when i introduce my self as scientist.So come and join the field of Biotechnology I you decide to choose the Biotechnology then you choose a booming field with less risk factor.

Get more updates at http://biotechnologycareers.blogspot.com/

Beyond the Tao of Physics - The Spirituality of Science

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Physics: A link to the past

It has been a third of a century since Fritjof Capra's bestselling book The Tao of Physics. Capra related the similarities between the physics and cosmology of the time (1975) to Eastern mysticism. Since then scores of scientific discoveries have left scientists mystified and the general public stymied.

In order to make observations fit into theory, scientists have recently proposed that 96% of the universe is missing dark matter and dark energy, that space is not empty but full of energy, that there are at least seven concealed dimensions, that the "fundamental particles" in Capra's book are not fundamental, that there are an infinity of parallel universes, that the universe is but information, and that simply knowing an organism's DNA sequence does not reveal the secret of life.

Capra's book suggested a theory in which everything is interconnected and manifests only with consciousness. Do the recent scientific assertions support this? Yes. But they also go well beyond just Eastern mysticism and intimate the original teachings of religions and the ancient spiritual teachings of all the world's cultures. Capra predicted that new scientific revelations would lead to a more accurate portrait of our world. Indeed, in less than four decades we have a new world-view.

21st-century science: A beacon of light into the spiritual

I have collated cosmology, physics, biology, and other sciences with spiritual teachings and discovered that a new truth is emerging. Science of this century has caught up with spiritual teachings several millennia old. To understand the new truth we must comprehend that the universe is mental and spiritual, that matter is a convenient metaphor used by humans to make sense of our world, that our senses gasp but a billionth of what is out there, that the big questions such as the origin of life, the genesis of the universe, and the nature of reality still have no satisfactory scientific explanations.

Yet the astounding discoveries in recent years inch us closer to appreciating the inscrutable depictions of reality from Eastern mysticism as well as spiritual teachings from all ancient cultures. I have sought to bridge the gap between science and spirituality by explaining recent scientific discoveries dealing with our origins, reality, misperceptions, body/mind, consciousness, spirituality, and afterlife.

My journey took me on a tour of the mind-boggling scientific concepts of the creation of the universe, life, and humankind. New theories reveal a startling view of reality. Recent breakthroughs explain how mind and consciousness emerge from body and brain, overturning previous dogmas and offering new healing methods. New studies provide fascinating insights into the possibility of an afterlife. Comparing 21st-century science with spiritual beliefs, I discovered how the rift between science and spirituality can be healed.

Leo Kim, Ph.D. was a research associate at MIT, scientist, and executive in the biotechnology industry. He studied with healers such as Barbara Brennan, Bernie Siegel, and Deepak Chopra, and is a certified clinical hypnotherapist. For more information, and to learn about his new book, Healing the Rift, visit: http://healingtheriftbook.com

Biotechnology and Its Power to Face Global Economic Crisis

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Biotechnology has immense power to improve human health, face environmental challenges, and improve the way the world does business. A recently published report examines the future outlook of biotechnology in the global economy and demonstrates policies that could maximize its benefits.

Biotech-based drugs provide greater health advantages as compared to their traditional counterparts. It is estimated that by 2015 virtually all new drugs, about 50% of the world's major crops which are globally produced and different everyday products including food additives, plastics, fuels and detergents, will be produced using biotechnology. New crop varieties developed by this modern technology require less water, pesticides, and fertilizers and will increase global food production.

This branch of medical science is no doubt, making huge progress in varieties of related fields and has innumerable applications in them. However, many barriers stand in the way of their development and commercialization. These include technological challenges as well as regulations, adequate investment, human resources, social acceptance, and market structures.

The report covers that though 75% of the potential economic contribution of business biotechnology R&D expenditure is related to agriculture and industry, only 6% of the total is actually contributed in these two areas. Meantime, 85% of the expenditure goes to health and medicines, with a 25% potential return. This detail signifies the lack of interests and investments in other fields of biotechnology leaving health sectors. But the solution cannot be based on any sort of compromises made to reduce health expenditures. Indeed substantial encouragement with active involvement of public and private investment in other applications can be a better solution.

The global economic crisis could have collapsed bioeconomy if biotechnological engineers had not used the opportunity to focus on alternative energy and sustainable agriculture to address long-term growth. As there were marginal capitals available to invest in biotechnology R&D with high-risk start-up firms, it would have fallen as victims to the global crisis.

For more information on Biotechnological Plants and the benefits of Pharmaceutical engineering please visit the mentioned website

The Success of Biopharmaceutical Plants in the Medical World

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Biopharmaceutical plants use all the concepts of Pharmaceutical engineering. The only difference is that these plants develop the medicines using the ideas of bio-technology. Some of the living organisms' such as plants are a great source that can be used to prepare several medicines that has the potential to fight many lethal diseases. These biopharmaceutical plants deal with such organisms and botanical sources.

The demand for safe, therapeutic pharmaceutical proteins is a rapidly increasing. The world market for biotechnology has undergone swift expansion since its emergence about some two decades ago and it is still trying hard. These plants have earned huge profits from the human insulin, growth hormones and red blood cell stimulating agents. These therapeutic proteins are very effective in curing the diseases such as multiple sclerosis, arthritis and some orphan diseases.

About 80 biopharmaceutical plants are currently present in the world market and more than 500 more are under their initial stages of development. Biotechnology has enabled the development of human antibodies that have high level of curing capacity. These recombinant proteins are very efficient and have the capability of curing many deadly diseases like cancer and other cardiovascular disorders.

Biotechnology has blessed this world with a number of effective treatment methods and therapies. Pathogenesis can heal many diseases and also it increases the life expectancy of the patients. Many lethal diseases can be easily cured with the biopharmaceutical products. But the main problem is that development of biopharmaceutical products need a long time. Lot of research works have to be carried out prior to their development. But these products are highly cost- effective and efficient in fighting against deadliest diseases. Hence, we can say that these plants have contributed significantly to the medical world.

For more information on Pharmaceutical engineering and the benefits of Biopharmaceutical plants please visit the mentioned website

Intellectual Property: Trade Marks - Goodwill

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In Newman Ltd v Adlem (2005), the Court of Appeal held that there was a duty on the seller of a business not to undermine the goodwill attached to that business (if included in the sale) even after the non-competition covenants in the sale agreement had expired. Goodwill is an intangible asset valued according to the advantage or reputation a business has acquired.

The defendant took over a funeral director's business in 1965. He also offered his services as an agricultural contractor and as a provider of memorial headstones and plaques. By 1993 he was trading under his own name, 'Richard T Adlem,' and had built up a business, which was well respected. He decided to sell the undertaker's business in 1993, but to retain his farming and headstone businesses. He entered into a contract, which contained a restrictive covenant, with B, who bought the funeral business and its goodwill. In this case, the restrictive covenant was an obligation preventing the defendant from competing with B for a specified period.

After the completion of the sale of the funeral business, the business belonged to B, not the defendant. However B frequently used the defendant's services and paid him for these services. Throughout that period, the defendant knew that B was using the name 'Richard T Adlem' for the funeral business.

In 2000, B sold the funeral business to the claimant. By that agreement, the claimant bought the goodwill of the business including the right to carry on business in succession to B and to use the business name. The defendant made no objection, and actually assisted the claimant with about 40 funerals undertaken by the claimant under the 'Richard T Adlem'.

In March 2001, the defendant re-commenced his own business under the name 'Richard T Adlem', and started advertising under that name. He also started to object to the claimant using the name. In April 2002, the defendant registered the name 'Richard T Adlem Funeral Director' as a trade mark.

The claimant commenced proceedings alleging that:

the defendant was passing off his business as an undertaker;

the defendant's assertion of an entitlement to use the name amounted to a derogation from that which had granted to B in 1993;
the trade mark registration was invalid pursuant to s 47(2)(b) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 and that in any event it was unenforceable against them by virtue of s 11(3).

The Court held that:

once the defendant had assigned the goodwill in the funeral business, it was not open to him to start, after the expiry of the restrictive covenant, a fresh business under exactly the same name;
having sold the goodwill, Mr Adlem was under a duty not to undermine it;
the claim in passing off succeeded; and
the registration was invalid pursuant to s 47(2)(b) of the Act.

If you require further information contact us.

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© RT COOPERS, 2005. This Briefing Note does not provide a comprehensive or complete statement of the law relating to the issues discussed nor does it constitute legal advice. It is intended only to highlight general issues. Specialist legal advice should always be sought in relation to particular circumstances.

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A Biofuels Company Without a Bioprocess - Range Fuels

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Range Fuels likes to shine a spotlight on itself. With a tag-line of "Inventing the New Oil" you are bound to garner some attention. Even better is the statement that its most important client is "our planet" - not you the consumer, but good old Mother Earth. An entire section of the company's web site is dedicated to awards that Range Fuels has won. And that's not all. The web site quotes Albert Einstein and seeks to educate the masses about the virtues of ethanol with a tutorial called "Ethanol 101." Broomfield, Colorado-based Range Fuels is certainly comfortable with hyperbole. The question is whether they will be able to back it up with results.

Range Fuels has been able to raise substantial sums of money: approximately $200 million combined from venture capitalists like Khosla Ventures and loan guarantees from the USDA. So, what is all the excitement about? Range Fuels has a technology similar to that of fellow biofuels high-flyer Coskata. Cellulosic waste is converted into synthesis gas using existing technology involving heat, pressure and steam.  Then, the resulting synthesis gas is then converted into ethanol using other chemical catalysts. There is no bioconversion involved at any stage of the process. In other words, there is nothing biological about Range Fuel's process for generating ethanol. In this case, the only part that is "bio" is the feedstock. Raw materials include wood, sawdust, corn stover (the stalk left after the corn is harvested), paper pulp, hog manure, switchgrass, eucalyptus-in short, most any agricultural waste product or even energy crops grown specifically for producing fuels. But what happens to all the waste that does not end up as ethanol? The company doesn't say anything about that.

We will have some idea about the potential for Range Fuels' technology soon. The first pilot plant establishing feasibility of its fully integrated thermo-chemical conversion to ethanol has been operating at the Colorado-based development center since Quarter 1, 2008. The first demonstration plant is scheduled for completion in Soperton, GA later in 2009, using cellulose as the feedstock.  Full-scale production is planned to start up in 2010. The company's business model calls for designing, building, and operating its plants, so Range Fuels will need to capture a healthy percentage of the fuel ethanol market and be cost competitive to earn a reasonable return on the already substantial investment. With fuel prices already substantially lower than they were a year ago, the technology will need to be very good just for Range Fuels to survive.

David Rozzell maintains a web site and blog dedicated to the latest developments and news in biofuels, biocatalysis, and industrial biotechnology. For informative, sometimes amusing, always opinionated analysis go to http://www.bio-catalyst.com Contact him at david@bio-catalyst.com.

Undenatured Whey Protein - What's So Special?

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What is undenatured whey protein? Can I buy it in a health food store? What does it do, and why should I use it?

Let's start first with whey protein in general. This is the protein that has been isolated from whey. Whey is the liquid material that is left behind after the solids have been removed from cow's milk. Manufacturers have processed this protein into mixtures that can be used for building muscle or for muscle building and muscle development. You can find a large array of protein powder to make a breakfast smoothie, or protein drink, at any general nutrition, weight training, or bodybuilding supplements store or supplier. Muscle Milk and Designer Whey are popular examples of this today for a breakfast smoothie, protein shake, or protein drinks.

Whey protein is an excellent source of dietary protein, and is very effective in building muscle for athletic nutrition. It is also a good choice for anyone who would like to reduce their body fat, and build muscle through exercise and/or bodybuilding supplements. But all protein supplements are not created equal. This type of protein is classified as denatured. What does denatured mean? This simply means that this protein has been processed at a high temperature, usually above 160 degrees Fahrenheit or 72 degrees Celsius. This process is also known as pasteurization. The milk you buy in the store has been pasteurized, which means that it has been denatured or cooked at a high temperature to ensure that all microorganisms that may harm you have been destroyed.

So to put it all together, what is undenatured whey protein? It is protein from whey that has not been denatured. It is used to raise glutathione, a beneficial protein in your cells. This means that it must be processed in such a way that harmful organisms are destroyed, but the heat sensitive amino acids that make it bioactive, called branched chain amino acids, are not harmed. It has not been pasteurized, but processed at a lower temperature in order to preserve the amino acids that are destroyed by high heat. Terms that can be used interchangeably for undenatured whey protein are high biological value whey protein and bioactive whey protein. "Bovine milk protein" may be substituted for "Whey protein."

An undenatured bovine milk protein with a high biological value means it contains a high amount of essential amino acids. This kind of protein from raw cow's milk has a very high amount of bonded cysteine in it, along with other essential branched chain amino acids, so is has a high biological value, with one particular brand having a biological value of >110 BV. As more people find out about the value of high biological value whey protein, a manufacturer may suggest on the label of their product that they are providing this. The fact that it is in a tub is your first telling sign that this is not true. Truly bioactive bovine milk protein is quite expensive to make and requires special technology to do so. Bioactivity is reduced when exposed to heat, air or moisture, so if it is in a tub, it is not undenatured whey protein.

Another way that you can tell it is not bioactive is if it is flavored. If it comes in vanilla, chocolate, or strawberry, then it has been hydrolyzed, which means it has been denatured to make it easier to mix. You can also check the nutritional supplements information on the label as well. This is not bioactive milk protein, and will not help you in raising glutathione. Undenatured whey protein has a very unmistakable quality to it: it is unflavored and very difficult to mix. If you pour some bioactive bovine milk protein powder into a liquid, it will float and resist mixing. This is one way to know you have truly undenatured whey protein. This will help you to build muscle just like regular whey protein. The main reason you want to take it in an undenatured form is if you want to raise glutathione in addition to building muscle. That is the only reason you need to know the difference between the two, and it is an important difference.

Regular whey protein will build muscle!

Undenatured whey protein will build muscle AND raise glutathione!

Bioactive bovine milk protein contains three specific protein that are very high in an amino acids that is missing from our diet today. The protein are: albumin or bovine serum albumin, lactoferrin, and lactalbumin. These protein are very high in the amino acid called bonded cysteine. Bonded cysteine, which is two cysteine molecules linked together, is also called cystine. It is found in raw meat, raw eggs, and raw cow's milk. Once you cook these three foods, the bonded cysteine or cystine is destroyed by heat.

Most of us today do not consume these foods raw, nor do we recommend that you do. Babies who are breast-fed have access to bonded cysteine in their mother's breast milk until they are weaned. The closest food that we have to mother's breast milk as adults is bovine or cow milk in raw form. It is interesting to note, however, that years ago, before pasteurization, when people consumed raw milk from their local or family farm, they had higher glutathione levels in their blood. Now that we don't have access to these foods in safe amounts, we have an even greater need than ever before to find a good source of bonded cysteine so that we can effectively raise glutathione.

The three amino acids that are needed by the body for how to raise glutathione are cysteine, glycine, and glutamate. Glycine and glutamate are plentiful in our diet, but cysteine is not. And since cysteine by itself is destroyed in the gut, it needs to be bonded in the way we find it in undenatured whey protein to do the job successfully. Thus, bonded cysteine is considered the rate limiting factor for raising glutathione in our cells. The journey of a bonded cysteine molecule from the mother's breast or cow's udder to your cells to make glutathione is a fascinating journey. Very simply, bioactive bovine milk protein is the best way for raising glutathione because it is the way that you were created to raise it once you are weaned.

Mother's breast milk works until you are weaned, and then after that, raw cow's milk is the next best source! It is the closest substance in physical composition to mother's breast milk. High biological value whey protein contains bonded cysteine, which your body needs to make glutathione in your cells.

Undenatured Whey Protein - The Best Way To Build Muscle And Raise Glutathione!

Copyright 2009 Immune Health Solutions: You may freely republish this article, provided the text, author credit, the active links and this copyright notice remain intact.

Laura McCallum is the owner of Immune Health Solutions and enjoys writing helpful information about the immune system and glutathione. She regularly consults with medical professionals and published research, and believes in giving her readers the information they need to optimize their immune system and wellbeing.

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Can Science Explain the Origin of Life?

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What is life and what is not?

What is "life?" One definition is an organism that can grow, reproduce, and have a metabolism (ongoing chemical reactions) as opposed to a dead organism, or inanimate matter. While this may seem fairly straightforward, it excludes some elements that we may instinctively consider alive. Are seeds that lie dormant for years alive? If they are not, what defines the instant in which they become "alive?" If seeds are already alive, what makes them so? No chemical reactions are occurring, i.e. no signs of life.

What about so-called gram-positive bacteria that run out of nutrients? When they sense that they cannot continue to live, they put their biochemical energy into creating spores. In harsh environments, gram-positive bacteria cease to exist after creating spores. Are bacterial spores alive? Spores, like seeds, can remain dormant for decades with no signs of chemical reactions. Then, they spring to life as bacteria when the environment supplies nutrients, proper environmental conditions, and moisture. These bacteria are genetically identical to the bacteria that produced the spores. If spores are not alive, then what confers life to them resulting in live bacteria?

Evolution

Can evolution explain life? No. It only depicts how life evolved once there was life. If the fundamental ingredient of the universe were preprogrammed to evolve into life, this would be a new evolution theory. This is what many scientists including Richard Dawkins contend.

Lucky us

The mathematical odds of having the stuff of our universe (at least the stuff we know) "evolve" into life are vanishingly small. Sir Fred Hoyle likened the probability of random emergence of single-celled life to the probability of a Boeing 747 assembling as the result of a tornado whirling through a junkyard. Some scientists say: no problem, just have numerous universes (perhaps an infinite number) each having trillions of planets hosting tornadoes for billions of years. In one of these worlds life will result and evolve to us. Furthermore, since the conditions for life might exist on some the millions of other planets (yes, there could be that many), life might be common in our universe. Almost all of the other universes will be devoid of life. However, this assertion presumes parallel universes or multiverses-hidden worlds along side ours.

Does this explanation debunk spirituality?

Suppose we accept this story of life's beginning. What or who created all these worlds? Why were all these created-so that there would be life? Thus, this seemingly bizarre rationalization of how life begun does not address the what, who, or why. Dawkins employs the multiverse conjecture to show how God is a delusion. Wrong! The multiverse argument can be consistent with spiritual teachings which generally include God.

The difference between knowledge, contention, and fact.

Science using accumulated knowledge contends that parallel universes or multiverses might explain the origin of life. Theories should be testable. Even published experiments must be reproducible or be retracted. Many scientists doubt that the concept of parallel universes and multiverses can ever be tested. Spiritual wisdom from across time, geography, and cultures has similar teachings. I believe that time has tested these beliefs and reproduced them.

Healing the rift. Bridging the gap between science and spirituality.

Scientists have been humbled by revelations of the last several decades: parallel worlds, missing dark ingredients of the universe, and the mysterious stuff in a vacuum. Numerous physicists are declaring the world as spiritual. We are blessed with the gift of life. By incorporating both the spiritual as well as the scientific, I believe that we enjoy a more opulent life.

Leo Kim, Ph.D. was a research associate at MIT, scientist, and executive in the biotechnology industry. He studied with healers such as Barbara Brennan, Bernie Siegel, and Deepak Chopra, and is a certified clinical hypnotherapist. For more information, and to learn about his new book, Healing the Rift, visit: http://healingtheriftbook.com/

How to Create a Biotechnology Cover Letter

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There are some basic things to be kept in mind while designing a biotech cover letter.

Firstly, you should have complete knowledge about the organization or the pharmaceuticals, about the desired post and things like what will be your work over there. All these are the basic information which you should know. In other words, prepare yourself before designing a cover letter.

Now give a good start to the cover letter by giving a bold headline to your letter. Headline should be in bulleted font, clearly written & at the centre of the page.

Then, do address the letter directly to an actual person handling the interview session. Make a call to the company & know the Hiring manager's name. It will give personal look to your letter rather than just writing Sir/Madam. Make sure to include all those points in your biotech cover letter which the employer wants to see.

Give a solid purpose for joining the organization e.g.: "To grab the post of Genetic engineer in the research field of Recombinant DNA Technology & Chromatography in an esteemed organization BHABHA Atomic research centre. Here I can make the best use of my creative skills & talents and could expand my potentials."

Mention your educational qualification & your specialization e.g. In the field of Recombinant DNA Technology, Chromatography, Immunology, Stem cell research, Molecular biology. Do mention your additional skills like communicational skills & computer's knowledge, creative attitude, problem solving nature & leadership qualities, efficiency to work under pressurized environment. Also list the certificates & awards you achieve in biotech field. Specify the researches & analysis made in the laboratory experimenting in field of biotech. e.g. I have my research assignment on Genetic disorders & how DNA pairing helps in bacterial cloning.

Give your working experience in biotech e.g. I had working experience of 2 years in ABC pharmaceuticals; where I contributed in 'Antibiotic role in curing Genetic disorders.

While ending the letter it should clearly reveals your expectations & interest. Do end the letter like this-

"This is my contact no.____, I am available on week days_____to ____time. I would welcome the opportunity to speak with you in person about my career possibilities with advanced Biotics. Enclosure:-Resume, educational documents, experience certificate if any. Thanking you.

More free cover letters are available online. You can also find biotech cover letters at freecoverletters.org.

Zone Diet - What are the Benefits and Consequences of the Zone Diet

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What is the Zone Diet and what are its benefits and its consequences? The Zone Diet was developed by a former MIT biotechnology researcher, Dr. Barry Sears. The Zone Diet is named so because there exists a "zone" where hormones like insulin and eicosanoids are neither too high nor too low and thus just where they need to be for ideal health. These hormonal levels are dictated by the foods that we choose to eat and if we choose to eat foods that keep insulin in check then we will look forward to a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and increased mental clarity and fat loss. Furthermore, if our eicosanoid levels can be controlled then benefits like decreased joint inflammation and increased blood flow will be reaped which in turn means better athletic performance and overall mobility.

So how does the Zone Diet actually work? The ultimate goal of insulin control is achieved by balancing protein and carbohydrates at each meal. All in all, the diet stresses moderate levels of everything, so moderate fat intake, moderate carb intake, and moderate protein consumption. As far as percentages go, the macronutrient breakdown is about 40% carbs, 30% protein, 30% fats. All protein servings should range between 3-4 oz, most carbs should be consumed through ample amounts of fruits and vegetables with starches only used sparingly. Carbohydrate portions should roughly be double the protein portion.

For fats, one should use heart-friendly monounsaturated fats as opposed to saturated ones. Another component of the diet that is also integral for complete health is to supplement with fish oil capsules to even better reinforce your cardiovascular system. Now to help achieve this 40:30:30 ratio, Dr. Sears has formulated "food blocks" that represent a standardized amount of carbs, fats, or protein. In order to lose weight, one must allocate the correct number of blocks for each macronutrient. The number of food blocks is based upon one's height and waist and hip circumference. So, generally speaking, the larger you are, the more food blocks you will be allowed. So,, that is the Zone Diet in a nutshell, but is the diet worth it?

Certainly weight can be lost in the process, and it is certainly not as restrictive as South Beach or Atkins, but the sheer difficulty of finding foods that fit the food blocks and making other tedious adjustments ultimately makes the diet unappealing for most. To make matters worse, if one's schedule doesn't allow for such regimented cooking, then expect to pay an exorbitant amount for prepared meals. And if you do undertake the Zone Diet at home, then be prepared to accurately measure your ingredients and exclude a number of foods that most would find to be healthy, such as whole grains. This rigidity also makes it difficult for many to eat out. So, the fact that the Zone Diet is lower in calories than the typical American diet and thus obviously resulting in weight loss is still not enough incentive for many to stick with the unnecessarily challenging diet in the long run.

Learn more about which is the best diet for you at PhenForum.com, the best site about Phentermine and healthy weight loss online! We have a wonderful support group who will welcome you as a new friend and help you get through the tough times. Just register for free and start your weight loss journal. Ask around and decide for yourself if Phentermine is right for you.

Governance - Supplier Controls

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An Approved Supplier List is not enough!

Many manufacturer's in the pharmaceutical, Medical Device and Biotechnology industries treat their supplier and service base with a "If it's not broken, don't fix it..." attitude. Those concerned with ongoing compliance and business continuity have at least generated an Approve Supplier List based on a quality survey or audit along with some business performance indicators. Maybe, a Quality Agreement has been put in place for key suppliers and contract manufacturers. In today's business environment with a trend toward outsourcing activities, this approach to supply chain management is just too antiquated. 

True supplier control governance should take the form of a risk-based assessment of suppliers and a routine management evaluation for those identified as critical or major. Categorization of suppliers and service providers based on Quality Agreement status, Audit status, nonconformist and corrective action status, supply critical and business performance indicators to name a few is integral to preventing disaster.

Formal monitoring of the supplier and service base accomplished with a cross functional team can greatly reduce the risk of a problem with a supplier or service provider resulting in significant business interruption or product recall. Building a system of risk assessment and providing a stream of key performance and quality indicators to the management team is the, "ounce of prevention worth a pound of cure". 

Some good questions to start with are:

·       "What suppliers and service providers have the greatest impact on my business?"
·       "Is the impact based on volume, complexity, cost?"
·       "How much control can I exercise of this supplier base?"
·       "Is the partner required to inform me of changes?"
·       "Do I have a contingency plan in the event the  provider does not meet their commitments for my products?"

Look at: http://www.innovatgxp.com/Benchmarking/Articles/Articles.html for a series of articles on Quality System Governance covering:
· Supplier and Service Provider Controls
· Site mater validation planning
· Corrective and Preventive Action (CAPA)
· Post Market Surveillance - Making Complaints Work for You
Looking for resources and tools? Go to: http://innovatgxp.com/

Are You An Organized Manager?

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Here is a quick test to see if you are an organized manager.

1.Is your door always open? Can anybody just walk in to see you when they have a problem? Now that may sound like you are being a good 'caring and sharing' manager but it's not good at all. As a manager, you need a time for acting and a time for reacting. When you are reacting, an open door is a good thing. You want to know how you can help people with their problems. However, when you want to be active - to get on with your own creative work - you have to free yourself up and not allow any interruptions, except for real emergencies.

2.Are you always busy or do you get things done? It's easy enough for a manager to appear busy. There are always people to talk to, decisions to be made, visits to be made. But do you really need to be involved in deciding what brand of toilet paper you buy? You need to concentrate your energies where they are most needed. And you need to finish things off completely - you need to see a result.

3.Do you try to do everything? Not all aspects of your job are equally important. You need to prioritize. If something is important or urgent, you need to deal with it. The unimportant and non-urgent tasks can be left for another day.

4.Do you let other people get on with their own jobs? Just as you need to have an uninterrupted spell for your active time, so do your subordinates. You cannot expect them to produce good creative work unless you give them the personal space in which to do it.

5.Do you plan your work? You need to spend a few quiet minutes every day thinking about what you have to do and deciding on the priorities. There is no point in rushing around like a headless chicken, constantly reacting to each new crisis. Plan some active time and some reactive time and try your best to stick to it. Decide what jobs are important and make sure you deal with them before they become urgent. It's the important and urgent jobs that will really stress you out.

We all go through periods of disorganization when we feel we cannot cope. When there is so much to do it can seem like we will never cope. But put a few minutes aside to think calmly about what you have to do and how you can best organize it. Those few minutes could save you hours of stress.

Pearson Brown offers advice to small businesses at The Small Business Consultant every week.

Cutting Edge College Majors

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Medicine and education may be traditionally favored routes through college, but what's to stop you studying one of the newer college degree programs? Many of the most popular majors now appearing in college prospectuses cater to the growing number of hi-tech and consumer based industries popping up all over the world. Make no mistake-- these are the ones to look out for if you want to combine an innovative approach with hard-edged business acumen.

Biotechnology
A challenging yet very rewarding choice, Biotechnology is an up-and-coming area of research that combines engineering, biology and technology. This is a real chance for you to make a difference to the worlds of medicine and agriculture, working for any number of pharmaceutical organizations, the government and biochemical companies or non-profit organizations.

Digital Video and Media Production
The world in which we live is changing at a faster rate than ever, with digital media production and technology influencing the way in which we receive information and our increasingly complex interaction with the media. Digital media production is becoming a hot college degree choice, offering the chance to learn about the latest technology and techniques in filmmaking, television, editing and animation.

Emergency Administration and Planning
In a world which is increasingly under threat from natural and man-made disasters, we need professionals who can plan appropriate response measures when emergency situations arise, and who can educate communities to help minimize the impact of future events. Large corporations may hire graduates in this field, but many work for international government organizations such as the Red Cross.

Emerging Media
Bringing the traditional Communications degree bang up to date for an Internet Age audience, Emerging Media allows students to explore the way in which new technologies can be applied to the business world. From Web sites and blogs to social networks and podcasts, Emerging Media trains you to become a communications expert in the cyberspace world.

Forensic Accounting
Fancy studying Business, but prefer to do something a bit more "outside the box"?
If you're a whiz with figures and would like to mix this with investigative and legal skills, Forensic Accounting could be for you! Forensic accountants analyze the financial actions of businesses, and may be called on in legal trials to give evidence relating to fraud cases.

Forensic Sciences
Let's face it, many of us are glued to crime-based drama shows on TV, and would like to think that we could do better when solving the mysteries! Forensic science is becoming increasingly popular as a major, combining investigative skills with down to earth scientific knowledge in the fields of biology and chemistry... an intriguing twist on the traditional science disciplines!

Green Majors
College degree programs have cottoned on to the fact that it pays to be green, and Environmentalism is now more than just a soundbite opportunity for campaigning politicians, and the world is waking up to the importance of educating students in this vital area of study.

Health Information Management
Due to an increasingly aging population and higher-than-ever life expectancies, the US is experiencing an unprecedented demand for healthcare. A growing niche in the healthcare market is for health information management professionals to gather and report back on healthcare data. This data is then used to develop and administer systems that not only ensure patient privacy and confidentiality, but also help medical professionals in making their diagnoses.

Video Gaming
Imagine being able to tell your parents that all that time you spent glued in front of your Xbox will finally lead you to gaining a college degree. Yes, it's true! A Video Gaming major will make you a true professional in all aspects of this multi-million dollar industry, not to mention very popular with your friends!

Because of their up-and-coming nature, these majors may not be available at every college. You may have to look at specialty vocational colleges or online college courses [http://www.cappex.com/page/quickOptions/index.jsp].

I want to make sure that everyone has the opportunity to go to college. This means getting in, finding the right college fit and paying for school. I love to share what I've learned and I hope you can find some useful information useful in your college search.

A Strong Patent Is Important To Halt Infringer's Operations, Says U.S. Supreme Court

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Chemical, pharmaceutical, and biotechnology companies and inventors spend countless number of hours and a lot of money to come up with a drug for curing killer diseases like cancer or diabetes or a new catalyst that will speed up a chemical reaction towards making a wonder plastic. They protect their inventions by securing a patent.

For one reason or another, the patent owner may not be ready to make or sell the patented invention. The patent owner, for example, University or individual inventor, may be thinking of licensing the invention to another who can market the invention, and collect royalty payments rather than undertake efforts to secure financing necessary to bring their works to market themselves. However, much to the patent owner's surprise and anger, it may notice an infringer illegally making and selling the invention. Can the patent owner go and automatically get an order to halt the infringer's operations? The answer may be surprising. The courts are not always sympathetic to the patent owner.

In the recently decided fight between internet giant eBay and smaller company Mercexchange, who owned a patent for doing business on the web, Justice Clarence Thomas, speaking for the United States Supreme Court, ruled that the patent owner, besides showing that the patent has been violated, must prove that a number of things are lining up in its favor before it can stop the infringer from copying the patented invention. This is a dramatic departure from the earlier lower court ruling that, except in rare situations, a court should automatically issue an order to halt the infringer's operations if the patent owner proved that his valid patent is unlawfully copied.

To succeed in halting the operations of the infringer, the Supreme Court indicated that the patent owner must show that it has suffered beyond repair by the actions of the infringer; that there is no other remedy, such as money, than stopping the infringer; how its hardship outweighs the hardship of the infringer; and that public interest would not be harmed by halting the infringer. This is commonly called the "four-factor test".

In proving that the forces are working in the patent owner's favor, as required by the Supreme Court, one of the questions that would come up is how strong the patent is - i.e., can it survive an attack on its validity. In the words of Justice Anthony Kennedy, writing on the eBay case, "the potential vagueness and suspect validity of ... the patents may affect the calculus under the four-factor test."

Securing a strong patent is not trivial. It is important that patent is filed promptly. For example, if the patent is filed long after the invention was published in a magazine or displayed as a poster, its validity or vitality comes into question. Or the patent may have been filed promptly but the patent may have been drafted the patent such that the patent does not cover the invention adequately. To succeed in stopping the infringer, or to obtain a sizable royalty or settlement from the infringer, it is essential that the patent is strong and robust.

Xavier Pillai, Ph.D., a Partner in the law firm of Leydig, Voit & Mayer, Ltd. in Chicago, IL; Phone: (312)-616-5600 or email at xpillai@leydig.com. I help chemical, pharmaceutical, and biotechnology companies resist competition by securing strong patent protection.

How to Start a Business in Alabama, USA

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Are you looking to start a small business in Alabama, USA? Unsure of where to get information on legal, financial, marketing, sales and other resources online. We can help you get started and save you a lot of time.

Alabama.gov site, click on business

This has a listing of business registration sources, development of labour, and industrial relations. If you live in the state and you want to start your business as a way to generate extra revenue and live the American dream this is a good place to understand the policies and procedures first.

ado.alabama.gov

Do you want to have someone there to help you get started in your small business. Do you have all the ideas but just need some advice on how to put it together. This is a great site to get started.

It has a listing of facts by industry; aerospace, automotive, biotechnology, demographics, local development organizations and living in Alabama. Some of the services they offer are project assistance, international trade, film office, and ADO notification. They partner with Alabama Aerospace, US Space and Rocket Center and the National Space Science and Technology Center to name a few. They work with economic development centers across the state.

business.gov.states.alabama

This site is very well set up for a great variety of information for entrepreneurs looking to start a business in the state. They have starting and operating a business, training assistance, tax registration requirements, information on new hires, finding loans and grants and registering a business. A good site to get started on for general information.

http://www.usabusinessgrowth.com
'Free Online Business Growth Resources for Travelling Entrepreneurs"

Effective Client Trial Management Systems Software to Manage Clinical Trials

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Clinical trials are essential vehicles in judging the effectiveness and reliability of a drugs and devices. Each results in a large amount of data which needs to be categorically managed. Speed and efficiency of clinical data management are requisites of pharmaceutical industries and in satisfying these demands, software solutions have been developed to cater to the growing demands of efficient clinical trail management.

The Software used for clinical trial management assist in cataloging data in different ways. They can be customized depending upon the usage and requirement of the pharmaceutical company. Of late, even biotechnology firms are also making use of such software in order to catalogue the expansive data collected from experiments and findings in biotechnology labs.

There are many stages in a clinical trial and most often, depending on the success of the product, subsequent trials are conducted which become extensions of the previous trials. Under such circumstances, every phase of the initial clinical trial ahs to be obtained, monitored and worked through to continue the subsequent trial. The maintenance of the initial data through customized software will allow the user to readily access every bit of information needed for subsequent trials. It maintains, manages the planning, preparation, performance and reporting of clinical trials.

There are many vendors in the market who provided specialized software solutions and services for the maintenance of clinical data. Most pharmaceutical and biotechnology look for certain requirements in clinical trial software including firms budget, patient management, compliance with government regulations, and compatibility with other data management systems.

By choosing the right clinical trial management software the data can be managed effectively. Companies can more easily identify problems and opportunities and optimize the performance of employees and processes to improve speed for market accordingly.

I am a pharmaceutical professional working for a drug safety pharamacovigilance firm. I write articles related to pharmacy.

Credit Card Processing - Discount Rates and Transaction Fees

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In the competitive business environment that exists today, it is critical you give your customers many options to pay you for your products and or services.

Setting up a merchant account so you can accept credit cards from  your customers is one of the most, if not the most, important initial decisions you'll make when you start a new business. The following article will explain discount rates and transaction fees so you are better prepared when it comes time to pick a company for credit card processing services.

Discount rates and transaction fees go hand in hand. These are the fees you pay to process a credit card transaction. The discount rate is a percentage that is deducted from the total amount of the sale. For example: If your qualified discount rate is 2.20% and you charge a customer's credit card $100, then you would pay $2.20 to process that transaction. But that is not all - you also pay a transaction fee as well. If you have a transaction fee of 25 cents, then your total cost to process that $100 dollar credit card transaction would be $2.45.  

What do you mean by qualified discount rate? The discount rate you pay will not always be the same percentage. It will change based on a number of factors, such as card type and how you actually process the card. Most personal debit and credit cards will fall into the qualified rate category. However, if you take a corporate, business, government, international, or personal rewards card, you will pay a higher discount rate on these types of cards. The discount rate on these types of cards can range from 1% to 2% over the qualified rate. This means that if your qualified rate is 2.20% and you accept an international card, your rate could be as high as 4.20%. Over time this can add up, so it is very important you factor this into your pricing when deciding how much you are going to charge for your product or service, especially if your plans include doing a lot of business to business transactions or selling internationally.

Another factor that influences the discount rate you pay when credit card processing is how you process the credit card. Merchants that swipe credit cards usually pay a lower discount rate than merchants that key in credit cards using an internet merchant account. The qualified rate for a merchant that swipes credit cards will usually be close to 1.80% but a merchant that keys in their transactions will pay a qualified rate of 2.40%. The reason for this is risk. Visa/MasterCard feel there is less risk of the transaction being fraudulent or disputed if the customer is present during the transaction and the merchant is able to swipe their card through credit card processing hardware or software.

Most credit card processing companies will only refer to their qualified rate when they advertise or try to sell you over the phone - so it is important you ask about qualified, mid qualified, and non qualified rates too when choosing a company for credit card processing services.

Michael Rupkalvis manages The Transaction Group website. The site offers information about credit card processing and provides merchants with cheap credit card processing rates, along with excellent customer service.

Biotechnology - What Are the Career Options After That?

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Biotechnology is a bundle of techniques that are applied to living cells. The work of biotech engineer is to produce these living cells into a particular product of improved quality. This technology is the exploitation of natural resources at the microbial and molecular level for the benefit of mankind. It normally deals with the management of living organisms for improving the products, enhance plants and animals or generate microorganisms for making human life much better.

In today's world, biotechnology is related to the genetic information of living organisms that are called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). This high technology supports the transformation of so-called codes of nature. Students, who have keen interest in Biotechnology and want to make their bright future in this field, have a lot of career opportunities in this field. Students can do specialization in any of the six main fields of biotechnology.

1) Biomedical Engineer: - A biomedical engineer is an expert to form artificial body parts that are called prostheses. Students, who have specialization in this field, can make their career as physical therapists, computer hardware engineer, mechanical engineer and surgeons too.
2) Clinical Laboratory Technologists: - Students can also do specialization for checking the symptoms of any disease as well as to detect body fluids and tissues. In this field, one can work as a pathologist, chemist, biological or a material scientist.
3) Forensic Scientists: - A forensic scientist or crime laboratory analyst provides significant scientific information that can be crucial for the criminal proceedings. The career options of this field are detectives, archaeologists and anthropologists.
4) Pharmacists: - The work of pharmacists is to distribute medicines as well as guiding patients for correct medication and appropriate dosage. In this field, there are unlimited career options that include advanced practice nurses, anesthesiologists, psychiatrists and pharmacy technicians.
5) Medical Scientists: - A medical scientist conducts intensive research on bacteria and different viruses that are the root cause of various diseases and they utilize their research for creating a variety of medicines and vaccines to treat these diseases.
6) Biological Scientists: - This field includes the study of animals, plants and microscopic organisms. Students can work in various fields such as food and agricultural scientists, pharmacists, veterinarians, biomedical engineers, conservation, general practitioners.

In short, Biotechnology is one of the most prominent branches of future. This is an interdisciplinary science that relies on biology and other subjects as mathematics, physics, chemistry and engineering. After completing this course, one can easily get a good job in this field.

This article is all about the importance of Biotechnology. Everybody wants to make his bright career in the most emerging field. In this article, we are also talking about Sharda Group of Institutions [http://www.sgei.org] that offers mass communication program. If you want to know more about this Institute, you can visit: [http://www.sgei.org]

How to Run a Daycare Center

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If you're wondering how to start or run a daycare center, let me begin by  congratulating you on your decision to make this your business. Having a daycare can be highly rewarding, and not just financially. Being able to work with children is a dream come true for many people, but it takes courage to start any new business.

To run a daycare you need to be concerned about 2 things:

1. Safety.

2. The day to day routine of the business.

Safety

You have to be able to provide safety to the children under your care. This includes having a first aid kit and knowing how to use it, having emergency numbers at hand, making sure that the children are kept away from sharp objects, and so on. One important thing to have is a set of pictures of people who are allowed to pick up the children. The last thing you need is to have a child kidnapped from your doorstep.

Day to day routine

Make it a habit to plan a week in advance if there are any holidays coming up or other special events. By planning ahead you know how you're going to be keeping the children occupied. In addition, make sure that you have all the equipment you need and make a monthly review of toys, books, sleeping mats, and any other piece of equipment.

If you have staff, they need to be informed as to how you plan to run your daycare center, whether it's at home or not. These are children and they need to be taken care of. Make sure you have a staff which understands this.

To learn more on how to start and run a highly successful Daycare Center, visit this webpage: Starting A DayCare Center
Lucy Doyle runs a home business and is an expert on starting and operating successful daycare centers. To read how you can too become a successful businesswoman by starting your own profitable daycare visit Lucy Doyle's expert webpage on starting daycare centers at this dedicated webpage: http://starting-a-day-care.blogspot.com/

Jobs in Biotechnology

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Biotechnology is a science that utilises living organisms to produce therapeutic drugs, diagnostics products and many other other products that greatly benefit society. Analysts have predicted that biotechnology will become one of the most important applied sciences in the 21st century

Health

Biotechnology has many applications in health. Many therapeutics proteins are too complex to synthesize and so need to be manufactured in living cells such as bacterial, yeast and mammalian cells. These cells are often genetically manipulated to produce useful medicines.

Biotechnology has led to the development of numerous antibiotics for the treatment of different infections and also to the development of a number of vaccines for the prevention of many diseases.

Another important health application is in genetic testing. An individuals DNA may be screened to determine the presence of any mutated sequences that could indicate a risk of certain cancers or the on-set of certain adult diseases. Genetic testing is widely used in pre-natal screening and is also used in the forensic science industry.

Agriculture

Biotechnology is used in agriculture to improve crop yield and to make crops more robust to environmental stress making them resistant to insects that damage and lower crop yield. Crops are engineered to make them naturally resistant to environmental pests which in turn benefits the environment with the use of less pesticides and herbicides.

Biotechnology can also improve the nutritional value of food and improve it's appearance and taste.

Environment

Biotechnology uses microorganisms to clear up many contaminated environments such as oil spillages at sea and is widely used in the treatment of sewage. The microorganisms metabolize contaminants to produce harmless by-products.

Industrial

An example is the designing of an organism to produce useful chemicals. Another example is the use of enzymes in industrial applications i.e. biological washing powders or to produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals.

Biotechnology is important in the production of biodegradable plastics and in the production of bio-fuels.

The biotechnology sector provides a great variety of career opportunities to qualified scientists. Most graduates enter the sector after completing a relevant life science degree.

This article was submitted by scienceprospects.com. Log onto to www.scienceprospects.com for the latest biotechnology jobs or Forensic Science Jobs in the UK.